Maturity onset diabetes of young type 2 due to a novel de novo GKC mutation.

Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) is a heterogeneous group of monogenic disorders that result in ß-cell dysfunction, with an estimated prevalence of 1%-2% in industrialized countries. MODY generally occurs in non-obese patients with negative autoantibodies presenting with mild to moderate hyperglycemia. The clinical features of the patients are heterogeneous, depending on the different genetic subtypes. We pretend to report a case of MODY type 2 caused by a novel de novo CGK mutation, highlighting the importance of the differential diagnosis in pediatric diabetes. A 13-year-old, healthy and non-obese girl was admitted for investigation of recurrent hyperglycemia episodes. She presented with persistent high levels of fasting blood glycemia (> 11.1 mmol/L) and had no familial history of diabetes. The blood glucose profile revealed an impaired fasting glucose of 124 mg/dL (6,9 mmol/L) with a normal oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting insulinemia was 15 mg/dL (90.1 pmol/L), HOMA-IR was 3.9 and hemoglobin A1c was 7.1%. Pancreatic autoantibodies were negative. Genetic testing identified a novel missense heterozygous mutation in exon 5 of GCK gene c.509G > T (p.Gly170Val), not present on the parents. This result established the diagnosis of MODY type 2. Clinical identification of patients with MODY remains a diagnostic challenge, especially when familial history is absent. Molecular diagnosis is very important for establishing an individualized treatment and providing a long term prognosis for each type of MODY.

Maturity onset diabetes of young type 2 due to a novel de novo GKC mutation / Diabetes monogênica tipo MODY com início na juventude causado por uma mutação GKC de novo não descrita anteriormente

Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) is a heterogeneous group of monogenic disorders that result in β-cell dysfunction, with an estimated prevalence of 1%-2% in industrialized countries. MODY generally occurs in non-obese patients with negative autoantibodies presenting with mild to moderate hyperglycemia. The clinical features of the patients are heterogeneous, depending on the different genetic subtypes. We pretend to report a case of MODY type 2 caused by a novel de novo CGK mutation, highlighting the importance of the differential diagnosis in pediatric diabetes. A 13-year-old, healthy and non-obese girl was admitted for investigation of recurrent hyperglycemia episodes. She presented with persistent high levels of fasting blood glycemia (> 11.1 mmol/L) and had no familial history of diabetes. The blood glucose profile revealed an impaired fasting glucose of 124 mg/dL (6,9 mmol/L) with a normal oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting insulinemia was 15 mg/dL (90.1 pmol/L), HOMA-IR was 3.9 and hemoglobin A1c was 7.1%. Pancreatic autoantibodies were negative. Genetic testing identified a novel missense heterozygous mutation in exon 5 of GCK gene c.509G > T (p.Gly170Val), not present on the parents. This result established the diagnosis of MODY type 2. Clinical identification of patients with MODY remains a diagnostic challenge, especially when familial history is absent. Molecular diagnosis is very important for establishing an individualized treatment and providing a long term prognosis for each type of MODY.

O diabetes da maturidade com início na juventude (MODY) é um grupo heterogêneo de doenças monogênicas que resultam em disfunção das células β, com uma prevalência estimada de 1-2% nos países industrializados. O MODY geralmente ocorre em pacientes não obesos, negativos para autoanticorpos e que apresentam hiperglicemia de leve a moderada. As características clínicas dos pacientes são heterogêneas e dependem do subtipo genético. Pretende-se relatar um caso de MODY tipo 2 causado por uma mutação GKC de novo não descrita anteriormente, demonstrando a importância do diagnóstico diferencial no diabetes pediátrico. Uma menina de 13 anos de idade, saudável e não obesa, foi admitida em um hospital para investigação de episódios recorrentes de hiperglicemia. Ela apresentava níveis altos e persistentes de glicemia de jejum (> 11,1 mmol/L) e não havia histórico familiar de diabetes. O perfil glicêmico sanguíneo revelou glicose de jejum de 124 mg/dL (6,9 mmol/L), com resultados normais no teste oral de tolerância à glicose. O resultado da insulinemia de jejum foi 15 mg/dL (90,1 pmol/L), do HOMA-IR foi 3,9 e da hemoglobina A1c foi de 7,1%. Os autoanticorpos pancreáticos foram negativos. A análise genética identificou uma nova mutação heterozigota missense no éxon 5 do gene GCK c.509G > T (p.Gly170Val), não encontrada nos país. Esse resultado estabeleceu o diagnóstico de MODY tipo 2. A identificação clínica dos pacientes com MODY permanece um desafio diagnóstico, especialmente quando não existe um histórico familiar. O diagnóstico molecular é muito importante para se estabelecer um tratamento individualizado e oferecer um prognóstico de longo prazo para cada tipo de MODY.

Septic Pulmonary Embolism Case Report: Optimal Outcome after Insertion of an Inferior Vena Cava Filter in a Patient with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia.

A 14-year-old patient presented with bilateral pneumonia and pleural effusions, septic arthritis of the hip, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary thromboembolism. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) containing the Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes was isolated. Contraindication to anticoagulation prompted inferior vena cava filter placement. He completed 4 weeks of treatment with flucloxacillin, with good clinical outcome. S. aureus containing PVL genes should be sought in cases of necrotizing pneumonia as it seems to increase the risk of severe multifocal infection and thrombotic complications. There are few reports of placement of filters during S. aureus sepsis and bacteraemia. This case highlights that when anticoagulation is not feasible, an inferior vena cava filter can be inserted safely, even in patients with active sepsis and high risk for seeding of the filter. Long-term follow-up confirmed a successful outcome with sterilization of the septic thrombosis with no further pulmonary embolism or additional sepsis episodes.